从属连词后的一种特殊省略
■本站特约作者 刘永科
There followed
when first built 原本是一个省略了某种成分的从句,补充完整后应该是:when it was first built。又如,Whenheated,waterwillbecomevapor. 加热时,水会变成水蒸汽。
英语语法规定,在某些状语从句中,当其主语跟主句的主语一致,而且含有be动词时,可以把主语(一般是代词充当)与be动词一块省略。旨在使句子愈加简洁和生动。
这个规则需要满足3个条件:(1)限于某些状语从句(2)主、从句的主语需要一致(3)有be动词,这个be动词可以是系动词,可以是进行时态的be,也可以是被动语态的be。比如:
Maryoftenhelpedherclassmateswhenfree. (was是系动词)
While walkingthedog,youwerecareless. (were是进行时的助动词)
Johnwon'tcometoyourpartyunlessinvited. (is是被动语态的助动词)
目前,把各种状语从句的省略状况,尽量全方位系统地做一总结。
1. 时间状语从句中,省略“主语+be”
Whenvery young,she began to learn to play the violin. 她非常小的时候,就开始学习拉小提琴。
Tomlikestolistentomusicwhilereading. 汤姆喜欢念书时听音乐。
2. 条件状语从句中,省略“主语+be”
Ifgiven more time, he will do the work better. 假如给更多的时间,他会做得更好。
Unlesshere, you can't find this kind of plants. 除非在这里,其他地方你找不到这种植物。
If条件句是省略最常常、省略形式最多的一种。容易见到的条件句省略形式有:if necessary, if possible, if true, if so, if not, if any, if anything, if anyone, if eve, if not better than等。比如:
I could come earlier, ifnecessary. 假如有必要我可以早点来。
Ifpossible, I'll come to help. 假如可能的话,我会来帮忙的。
Iftrue, this will cause us a lot of trouble. 若是真的,这会给大家带来不少麻烦。
They think she may try to phone. Ifso, someone must stay here. 他们觉得她可能来电话。如果如此的话,就得有人守在这儿。
I might see you tomorrow. If not, then it’ll be Saturday. 我可能明天去看你。假如不是明天,那就在周六。
There are few people nowadays, if any, who remember him. 目前能记得他的人,即便有也极少了。
I’m not angry. If anything, I feel a little surprised. 我没生气。假如说我有哪些反应的话,那就是我感到有的惊讶。
If anyone, he knows. 假如有人了解,那就是他了。
He seldom, if ever, goes to the movies by himself. 他不会,即便有也极少,单独去看电影的。
Will you be staying another night? If so, we can give you a better room. If not, could you be out of your room by 12:00?
你要再住一晚吗? 若是如此,大家可以给你提供条件更好一点的房间。假如不是,你能在12点前离开这房间吗?
Jim plays football as well as, if not better than, Mike. 吉姆踢球假如不是比迈克踢得更好,至少也是一样好。
3. 让步状语从句中,省略“主语+be”
Thougha young man, he has made several inventions. 虽然还是个青年,他已经有好几项创造了。
He is a good man,though sometimesrather dull. 他是个好人,尽管有时相当无聊。
Even ifinvited to,I won't go to such a bad lecture. 即便邀请我去,我也不参加这样糟糕的讲坛。
4. 方法状语从句中,省略“主语+be”
She talked to the stranger as ifabsent-minded. 她和陌生人谈话时好像心神不定。
He opened the drawer,as ifin search of something important. 他打开抽屉仿佛要找什么要紧的东西。
She stood at the gate as ifwaiting for someone. 她站在门口仿佛在等人。
The teacher shouted at the boy as ifangry. 老师朝孩子大喊大叫宛若非常生气。
5. 比较状语从句省略有关成分
由than或as引导的比较状语从句,在乎义明确的状况下,可以省略than或as后面的相应部分,这一点与上述状况不同。
I know you better thanhim. 我对你比对他知道得更了解。
I know you better than he . 我比他更知道你。
She can dance ballet just as wonderfully as you . 她芭蕾舞跳得和你一样好。
She has finished the work earlier thanexpected. 她这项工作比预料的提前完成。